By Nurse Practitioners States With The Least Restrictive Regulations Experienced The Largest Increase In

The use of nurse practitioners (NPs) is one way to address the shortage of physician primary care providers. NP training programs and the number of practicing NPs have increased in the past two decades. However, regulations limiting their scope of practice vary greatly by state. We assessed the impact of state regulations on the increase in care provided by NPs in the United States, using a 5 percent national sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We found that between 1998 and 2010 the number of Medicare patients receiving care from NPs increased fifteenfold. By 2010 states with the least restrictive regulations of NP practice had a 2.5-fold greater likelihood of patients’ receiving their primary care from NPs than did the most restrictive states. Relaxing state restrictions on NP practice should increase the use of NPs as primary care providers, which in turn would reduce the current national shortage of primary care providers. I ncreasing access to primary care is a key focus of health reform in the United States. Primary care helps patients in decision making, provides opportunities for disease prevention and health promotion, and can engage patients’ family and community to help meet the health needs of the patients. States with a higher ratio of primary care physicians to patients have lower Medicare expenditures and lower total and disease-specificmortality.However, since 1998 the proportion of US medical students choosing careers in primary care has dropped from around 60 percent to 20–27 percent. One way to address the shortage of physician primary care providers is with nurse practitioners (NPs). The past two decades have witnessed an increase in NP training programs and the number of practicing NPs. However, states vary greatly in regulating the scope ofNPs’ practice and in the precision and detail of those regulations. In some states NPs have essentially the same authority to practice that physicians have. Other states require physician supervision and limit NPs’ hospital privileges as well as their authority to order tests, make referrals, and prescribe medications. The online Appendix contains (in Exhibits 1a and 2a) a summary of regulations for each state and how they have changed over time. These restrictions may inhibit the spread of care provided by NPs. Previous studies have found an increase over time in both the number of nurse practitioners and the number of patients receiving care from them. These studies were based on national health care surveys and included small numbers ofNPs. In this articleweassess thegrowth in care provided by nurse practitioners from 1998 through 2010 and how this varies by practice setting, using national Medicare data as well as the number of licensed NPs as reported by state authorities.We were particularly interested in the variation among states in NPs serving as primary care providers. We hypothesized that states with fewer restrictions on NP practice and areas with a lower supply of primary care doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0072